“You can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future.” As much as do not wish to quote a sensationalized figure, who is an embodiment of the erroneous “hard work” model like Steve Jobs, this quote has always resonated with me. Pain can force an individual out of a set mold, just as an insect or a crustacean departs its exoskeleton, life has strange ways to enforce enlightenment upon you. Wise, citing a quarrel (centered around race) with his mom states, “And for that experience I thank her, because without it, I may never have really seen how distorted white people could be as a result of racism” (91). Similarly, I honestly doubt I would be the aware self I am today if I did not see and hear the blatantly racist remarks my parents took part in. At least in my experience, I have found that for some peculiar reason, hurtful words of loved ones have the ability to puncture the depths of your heart and make it cry in ways a stranger never could. I was jaded, saddened, and frustrated with the consistent generalizations, which would spew out of my own mother and father’s lips. These generalizations would more often than not turn in to heavily negative stereotypes, which then would be applied to other members of the same race (it is worth mentioning this incident never occurred with anyone belonging to the white race). They have not (at least not yet) realized “what it means to be white: the murderous actions of one person do not cause every other white person to be viewed in the same light” (186). When do generalizations move into problematic stereotypes? Stereotypes are over-generalizations and they often involve assuming a person has certain characteristics based on unfounded assumptions. These stereotypes can easily lead to prejudice and result in some forms of discrimination. While generalizing helps us navigate our lives, stereotyping puts us in a dangerous place in which societal members are limited from their true potential and face barriers to contributing their talents and assets to the societal mix. I would like to believe this distinction is the precise differentiating factor between my parents and I. I can easily point out the instances where my parents’ words and at times actions towards blacks have hurt me tremendously because they could not embrace nor accept the shared humanity we all share. However, I can only connect the dots of my life looking backwards. As counter-intuitive it may seem, I would like to thank my parents and my extended family for every overtly racist comment ever uttered, for every instance where they felt it was perfectly acceptable for them to belittle the “inferiors” and place themselves up in a pedestal built upon a false sense of superiority. Thank you for every emotionally and psychologically draining and exasperating occurrence centered on race – there is no, nor will there ever be a replacement for those invaluable illuminations.

Wise’s early schooling experience, in relation to his early awareness of racial constructs propelled me to think about my own schooling system and the fact that I have been betrayed by the school system which consistently reminded me of the “perfect” nature of history when, in truth, this was never the case. I could not help but connect his narrative to my own life and consequently an article titled Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work by Jean Anyon. She observed five elementary schools over the course of a full school year and concluded that fifth-graders of different economic backgrounds (which correlates with race) are already being prepared to occupy particular rungs on the social ladder. Anyon describes that in two working-class schools (observed for the sake of her study), work is following the steps of a procedure. The procedure is usually mechanical, involving rote behavior and very little decision making or choice. The teachers rarely explain why the work is being assigned, how it might connect to other assignments, or what the idea is that lies behind the procedure or gives it coherence and perhaps meaning or significance. Available textbooks are not always used, and the teachers often prepare their own dittos or put work examples on the board. Most of the rules regarding work are designations of what the children are to do - the rules are steps to follow. These steps are told to the children by the teachers and are often written on the board. The children are usually told to copy the steps as notes. These notes are to be studied and work is often evaluated not according to whether it is right or wrong but according to whether the children followed the right steps. Now, if this is contrasted to the executive elite school, work is developing one's analytical intellectual powers. Children are continually asked to reason through a problem, to produce intellectual products that are both logically sound and of top academic quality. A primary goal of thought is to conceptualize rules by which elements may fit together in systems and then to apply these rules in solving a problem. 

School work helps one to achieve, to excel, to prepare for life. School experience, differed qualitatively by social class and race because the lower class schools/classes are almost always occupied predominately by minority students. In most instances, education the primary factor that influences one’s schema regarding social structures, race being one of them. Thus, by improving the "good" and disregarding the "bad" schools is creating the disparity among races even further, especially because education and income are tightly knit. All attempts to reform urban education are doomed to failure unless and until racism is remedied. There is a generational and systemic dysfunction, abusiveness, low expectations and incompetence within the school systems and an even more fundamental truth is that almost all schooling in the United States is inherently oppressive and dehumanizing. Wise states, “Even as my mother had stood up against the obvious bigot, she had dropped the ball just like everyone else when it came to institutionalized racism” (49). Education is indubitably one aspect where institutionalized racism is ubiquitous. Especially in scenarios where some students are given more preference over others: “Rudo confirmed everything they needed to believe about their nation. She was like a soothing balm, allowing them not only to push away concerns about institutional racism, but also avoid confronting their own biases, which played out against the other black students in their classes every day” (51). This is precisely what the majority of pre-secondary education serves to do today – instead of providing factual and realistic occurrences, the focus in on maintaining the “harmonious” status quo, no matter how fallacious. It is extremely difficult to dismantle oppressive systems. The oppressors and the oppressed are equally captive, equally invested. A loving, life-affirming education system would be threatening to the established order, and many vested interests would be dislodged by a truly revolutionary education consciousness.

“Hold fast to dreams,

For if dreams die

Life is a broken-winged bird,

That cannot fly.”

― Langston Hughes

Courage is not something you have. Courage is something you learn.

The ability to go against the grain is a tremendously difficult task. Wise, as “a privileged white member of the society,” demonstrates this courage in adamantly stating that whites have to accept that their advantage in life has been passed on from their families who have also had advantages given to them from the government. That is the true meaning of the word, “inheritance” (24). Often times we do not recognize what we have been blessed with, we take some, if not most things prevalent in our lives for granted and examining why certain things are especially beneficial is an incredibly difficult task to undertake.  This is essentially true for what Wise is attempting to do with white privilege – deconstructing how his life has been impacted by the whiteness of his skin and how his life has been structured. 

Wise goes on to state, “My mom did what she should have done, and what any white parent in that situation should do. But there is an interesting aspect to this story that is equally worthy of attention, and which demonstrates that even in our acts of allyship we sometimes miss the larger issues” (48). To transcend this issue one needs to and must want to deconstruct your life.  To scrutinize every essence of your makeup is not something innate, something one is born with but rather learned. I myself had to recognize that (although I am not white) I do benefit from the racist structure we have at play. I need to become hyper aware in most situations because race permeates every aspect of my life.  Wise often states that although his mother actively encouraged the immersion in diverse spaces, she did not completely understand institutionalized racism, which is something I have struggled with tremendously in the past. Mustering up courage to confront the members of my own family, my friends, or myself regarding institutionalized racism led me to often ponder: how much more progress would we need make for racial justice? I have since then learned that even if it means that I need to fight this vicious fight alone, it is my duty as moral, responsible, being to see each other’s colors and accepting that color, without simply tolerating it. Courage grows when we try something risky and hard, and come out on the other side more or less intact. It becomes more “natural” the more we practice it. And when we do it enough to actually experience from-the-inside-out the liberation and freedom of not being silent, not compromising our moral compass, not swallowing our voice we start to crave liberation and freedom so deeply that acting and speaking with courage becomes almost a default position. And not only courage, but we can learn to see, understand, and feel deeply the landscape of race in ways that make it possible for us to respond constructively (and courageously) to racism in daily ongoing ways, large and small. Of course, this won’t come naturally. As in the case of courage, our socialization in a white dominated, white supremacist, and patriarchal society works directly against developing deep learning. Courage is learned. If it is wanted, it can be learned. 

"Your silences will not protect you…What are the words you do not yet have? What are the tyrannies you swallow day by day and attempt to make your own, until you will sicken and die of them, still in silence? We have been socialized to respect fear more than our own need for language.

Next time, ask: What’s the worst that will happen? Then push yourself a little further than you dare. Once you start to speak, people will yell at you. They will interrupt you, put you down and suggest it’s personal. And the world won’t end.

And the speaking will get easier and easier. And you will find you have discovered your own vision, which you may never have realized you had. And at last you’ll know with surpassing certainty that only one thing is more frightening than speaking your truth. And that is not speaking." - Audre Lorde

Taylor indubitably brings up various scenarios/instances where racism is ubiquitous. However, his central motive behind this chapter and consequently this book resides in the fact that he is attempting to state that all oppression is intertwined - everything from immigration, exploitation, to exceedingly imbalanced incarceration of blacks (especially men). A quote from bell hooks comes to mind which encapsulates Taylor’s main premise behind this chapter/book. She states, “Until we are all able to accept the interlocking, interdependent nature of systems of domination and recognize specific ways each system is maintained, we will continue to act in ways that undermine our individual quest for freedom and collective liberation struggle. The ability to acknowledge blind spots can emerge only as we expand our concern about politics of domination and our capacity to care about the oppression and exploitation of others.” The inauguration of President Obama is indubitably a triumphant occurrence. However, linking this to post-racial beliefs, it simply provides a “justification” for our colorblind and “post-racial” society.  Taylor mentions in chapter 4, that Latinos are now dominate paid domestic work, like African Americans once did (144). When analyzing history, the dominant white supremacist, capitalist, and patriarchal system has always oppressed or exploited the “inferior” minority.  It is no coincidence that illegal Latinos are the new exploited group in the United States, taking the place of African Americans, who “gained their rights” (186). Thus, minorities (i.e. non-whites) have been and still are among the most exploited groups in the world. Taylor states, “The post racialist concludes that we have put race behind us and embarked on a new phase of human social relations” (184). However, race does matter – and as Michelle Alexander eloquently stated, “it is time for us to wake up from the slumber of colorblindness.” Although one’s skin color does require acknowledgement, an individual possess more layers than simply what is visible in the exterior - a person is more than simply than the pigment of their skin. Combating thoughts dominated by post-racial ideologies requires the realization that being a human means to see humanity in us all.